Braak stage 1, 100% of pigmented neurons left
parkinsonconnecting

Gene record

ADRB1

adrenoceptor beta 1

translation score 0.51, read 2026-10-27; 4 sealed predictions, 0 held; 16 receipts.

Six readers

readerfoundscore
genetics
Open Targets
no genetic evidence; overall 0.57 from other evidence0.00
cell type
Human Protein Atlas
cell type enhanced, including astrocytes; strongest in cytotrophoblasts0.75
chemistry
Open Targets
compounds already reach it: droxidopa, propafenone, carvedilol +621.00
trials
ClinicalTrials.gov
19 Parkinson's trials, 5 stopped0.79
literature
PubMed
3 Parkinson's papers of 5030.82
pathways
Reactome
2 pathways; mostly other0.30

No case: the score is under the bar. Receipt 11457

Earlier readings: 2026-10-26 0.51; 2026-10-25 0.51; 2026-10-24 0.51; 2026-10-23 0.52.

Sealed predictions

  1. ADRB1 in astrocytes, braak+0.01 (p 0.982) → -0.50 (p 0.172)receipt 0575
  2. ADRB1 in dopamine neurons, braak+0.08 (p 0.838) → -0.12 (p 0.761)receipt 0576
  3. ADRB1 in astrocytes, braak-0.06 (p 0.726) → -0.22 (p 0.168)receipt 0110
  4. ADRB1 in astrocytes, resilience-0.19 (p 0.468) → +0.19 (p 0.542)receipt 0111

Swarm cases

receipt 0576: ADRB1 in dopamine neurons, braak

power
full sample +0.07 (p 0.787, n 18), 95% CI -0.41 to +0.52. the interval is wide: not enough donors to tell.
confounder
adjusted for sex: +0.09 (p 0.715, n 18). does not hold up.
composition
dopamine neurons share of nuclei vs axis +0.05 (p 0.854); controlling for it: -0.00 (p 0.990, n 18). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range -0.05 to +0.16, sign flips 3; without severely affected donors +0.07 (p 0.787, n 18). fragile.
cell type
no other cell group does better.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for ADRB1 in dopamine neurons.

case closed: nothing better to follow up.

receipt 0575: ADRB1 in astrocytes, braak

power
full sample -0.21 (p 0.413, n 18), 95% CI -0.61 to +0.29. the interval is wide: not enough donors to tell.
confounder
adjusted for sex: -0.20 (p 0.434, n 18). does not hold up.
composition
astrocytes share of nuclei vs axis -0.21 (p 0.413); controlling for it: -0.24 (p 0.341, n 18). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range -0.35 to -0.08, sign flips 0; without severely affected donors -0.21 (p 0.413, n 18). fragile.
cell type
no other cell group does better.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for ADRB1 in astrocytes.

case closed: nothing better to follow up.

receipt 0111: ADRB1 in astrocytes, resilience

power
full sample -0.02 (p 0.916, n 55), 95% CI -0.28 to +0.25. the interval is wide: not enough donors to tell.
confounder
adjusted for age, sex and PMI: +0.05 (p 0.817, n 55). does not hold up.
composition
astrocytes share of nuclei vs axis +0.34 (p 0.084); controlling for it: +0.07 (p 0.705, n 55). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range -0.11 to +0.07, sign flips 8; without severely affected donors -0.02 (p 0.928, n 46). fragile.
cell type
strongest in dopamine neurons: +0.54 (p 0.0062, n 55) vs -0.02 in astrocytes. proposing dopamine neurons.
axis
no measure beats "differs in resilient donors (Lewy pathology, no parkinsonism)" for ADRB1 in astrocytes.

follow-up registered; not confirmed in ventral tegmental area.
follow-up ADRB1 · dopamine neurons · resilience: ventral tegmental area +0.17 p 0.345 (needs p < 0.0029)

receipt 0110: ADRB1 in astrocytes, braak

power
full sample -0.12 (p 0.290, n 84), 95% CI -0.32 to +0.10. the interval sits on zero: probably nothing there.
confounder
adjusted for age, sex and PMI: -0.12 (p 0.269, n 84). does not hold up.
composition
astrocytes share of nuclei vs axis +0.26 (p 0.016); controlling for it: -0.09 (p 0.435, n 84). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range -0.15 to -0.09, sign flips 0; without severely affected donors -0.13 (p 0.274, n 75). fragile.
cell type
no other cell group does better.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for ADRB1 in astrocytes.

case closed: nothing better to follow up.

Receipts

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